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After the seventh century, the Indonesian archipelago became an important trade area with Srivijaya and Majapahit’s trade with China and India. Since the early ages, local leaders have gradually absorbed foreign culture, religion and political systems, thus forming Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms. The history of Indonesia has been influenced by foreign powers seeking to obtain natural resources in the country. Muslim merchants brought Islam to the region.

European forces fought each other to obtain the monopolies of trade in the region by acquiring geographical explorations and Maluku, the so-called Spice Island. With the end of World War II, Indonesia gained independence from the three and a half century Dutch colonialism. The history of Indonesia was then turbulent with natural disasters, bribery, division, the post-Suharto democratization process and rapid economic changes. The present Republic of Indonesia is a unitary state and consists of thirty-three states.

Indonesia, which has many large and small islands, is composed of ethnic groups with different languages, religions and cultures. The Javanese are the dominant ethnic group as a political force. Indonesia has developed a common identity with a national language, ethnic diversity and a combination of different religions, mostly Muslims. Indonesia’s national slogan birlik Bhinneka Tunggal Ika gelen, which means birlik unity in the multitude eder, means that diversity shapes the country.

Despite its huge population, Indonesia is home to the world’s second largest biodiversity, with untouched natural areas. Despite its rich natural resources, poverty is widespread in Indonesia today.